Sanitation and Sterilization

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#CCFF99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04078671esnimw.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#CCFF99" FACE="Arial" ><B>AVIANITARIAN Reference Guide </B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index_avianitarian.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="AVIANITARIAN Reference Guide "><B>home</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id191.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contributors">Contributors</A>   |   <A HREF="id190.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="From the Author">From the Author</A>   |   <A HREF="home.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Aviculture Microbiology">Aviculture Microbiology</A>   |   <A HREF="id166.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DISCLAIMER">DISCLAIMER</A>   |   <A HREF="id48.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Index to workbook">Index to workbook</A>   |   <A HREF="id155.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Colleagues">Colleagues</A>   |   <A HREF="id154.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Avianitarian Assessment">Avianitarian  Assessment</A>   |   <B>Sanitation and Sterilization</B>   |   <A HREF="id124.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Sterilization">Sterilization</A>   |   <A HREF="id159.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Specific Types of Disinfectants">Specific Types of Disinfectants</A>   |   <A HREF="id88.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Germicides">Germicides</A>   |   <A HREF="id126.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Environmental Issues">Environmental Issues</A>   |   <A HREF="id171.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Puzzle">Puzzle</A>   |   <A HREF="id187.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="new puzzle">new puzzle</A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#336699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="041c83b3.png"> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#CCFF99" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Sanitation and Sterilization</I></div> <bR> <div> Obviously, this is a very critical point that should not be taken lightly by the ethical, professional aviculturist. </div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="564" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="VOID" RULES="NONE" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 77 WIDTH="560"><div> A disease becomes contagious when it is able to spread from one bird to another by contact. Common infectious diseases or conditions that may hinder or prevent the birds in the aviary from being considered healthy are: pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella, E-coli,  bordetella, clostridium and megabaceteria.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 95 WIDTH="560"><bR> <div> The most common sources of contagion in the nursery/aviay are unclean brooders, incubators, instruments, unclean hands, sharing of eating and drinking utensils used by birds, uncovered coughing or sneezing, open sores on aviculturist hands, and using towels on more than one bird. </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 39 WIDTH="560"><bR> <div> <B>Figure 1. How bacteria enters the body </B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="560"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="560" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><bR> <div> Harmful bacteria may enter the body through any of the following ports: </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 94 ><NOBR><div> Breaks in the skin like scratches or cuts and wounds.</div> <div> The nares through breathing. </div> <div> The mouth through breathing or swallowing food or liquids. </div> <div> The eyes through dirt or rubbing. </div> <div> The ears through dirt or scratching. </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><bR> <div> The body fights infection by preventing the entrance of harmful bacteria through: </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 75 ><NOBR><div> Unbroken skin (first line of defense). </div> <div> Antitoxins that attack toxins produced by harmful bacteria. </div> <div> White blood cells that destroy bacteria. </div> <div> Digestive juices that destroy bacteria before they are able to infect. </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="564" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="VOID" RULES="NONE" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="558"><div> <B>Other Infectious Agents</B> </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 57 WIDTH="558"><div> There are several other types of organisms that can cause disease in birds that are not classified as bacteria. These other infectious agents include:</div> <div>  </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 95 WIDTH="54"><div> <B>1.</B> </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="503"><div> <B>Parasites.</B> Parasites are organisms that attach themselves to and live off of other living organisms without giving anything in return. There are both plant parasites, also known as fungus, and animal parasites. Plant parasites include mold, mildew and certain types of yeast. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 95 WIDTH="54"><div> <B>2.</B> </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="503"><div> <B>Filterable Viruses.</B> This type of virus consists of living organisms so small that they are able to pass through a porcelain filter. These viruses are responsible for respiratory diseases  and for certain gastrointestinal (digestive tract) infections. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 57 WIDTH="558"><div> Exotic Birds  that contracts a contagious disease caused by the parasites listed above the Aviculturist should not try to treat the conditions themselves but should contact a Qualified Avian Veterinarian. </div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> Disinfectants used in the aviary facility should be "hospital grade" which means that they are bactericidal (kill harmful bacteria) and fungicidal (kill fungus). Most of the hospital grade disinfectants today are also virucidal, which means they kill viruses, also. </div> <bR> <div> Tools etc. that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids (pus, saliva, etc.) need to be disinfected. So, to properly disinfect tools or implements soiled by blood, you would need to immerse them in an EPA-registered, hospital grade/ l disinfectant used in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. </div> <div> It is also very important to clearly label all disinfecting solutions and that you only use those solutions that are labled. This is due to the fact that disinfecting solutions are potent, professional-strength solutions that can be dangerous to the skin or poisonous if swallowed. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Conclusion</B></div> <bR> <div> One of the most important issue for aviculturists is the proper sterilization and sanitation of all instruments and your lab work area, including the nursery. This is also true for  veterinairians, veterinarians' technical assistants, and the work areas in bird hospitals. </div> <div> The habits that you form with regard to sterilization and sanitation are of</div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="564" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="VOID" RULES="NONE" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 76 WIDTH="560"><div> importance because they affect the health and well being of both you and your birds. Proper sanitation not only insures that you and your birds are protected from disease, but it also improves the appearance of your aviary, nursery and improves how your peers perceive you as a professional aviculturist. </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="560"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="560" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 209 WIDTH="560"><div> The main ethical issue of practicing the highest standards of sanitation, however, is to prevent the spread of disease to your birds and yourself. Improperly sanitized tools and implements can cause a whole range of infectious diseases caused by the presence of bacteria, viruses, or blood that may be left on instruments if they are not properly cleaned. </div> <bR> <div> Below are listed some of the diseases or conditions that may be spread through the use of improperly sanitized tools and implements. This certainly does not include all diseases or conditions that may be spread in this manner but is used to illustrate the importance of proper sanitation. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="560"><div> The most important step in keeping tools and implements safe and clean is to properly disinfect them.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 58 WIDTH="560"><bR> <div> <B>Diseases or conditions that may be spread in the Aviary through the use of "dirty" instruments. </B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 272 WIDTH="560"><bR> <div> Blood poisoning </div> <div> Klebsiella </div> <div> Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</div> <div> Parasites </div> <div> E-coli</div> <div> Anaerobe Bacteria </div> <div> Bordetella</div> <div> Clostridium</div> <div> Megabaceteria</div> <div> Fungus and Yeast</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 133 WIDTH="560"><bR> <div> Disinfection is the process of controlling the presence of microorganisms on the surfaces of tools and implements. Disinfectants used in the setting may include phenolic disinfectants (phenols), quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), alcohol and bleach. Of these, phenols and quats provide the most effective level of disinfection. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 96 WIDTH="560"><div> Safe and proper use of disinfectants is critical and cannot be overemphasized. Disinfectants are potent, professional-strength solutions that can be very dangerous or hazardous if used in ways not delineated in the manufacturer’s instructions. Many disinfectants, especially in their concentrated form, are poisonous if swallowed and they can cause severe damage to the eyes and skin. </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 114 WIDTH="560"><div> All disinfectants used in the aviary must be approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which will provide a registration number to that product. The professional aviculturist should always look for that number when choosing a disinfectant or make sure that the disinfectant being used in the aviary bears that number. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>